We identified barriers from the perspectives of healthcare providers (task-related, patient-care, and system barriers), healthcare organizations (threat perception and infrastructural barriers), patients (usability and resource barriers), and end-users in general (self-efficacy, tradition, and image barriers). Our study makes a noteworthy theoretical contribution by proposing a conceptual framework for resistance to e-health innovations that is grounded in innovation resistance theory (IRT). We also make some useful suggestions for practice.
